The UK Top 10 Scientific Breakthrough Discoveries of all Time
According to poll conducted on 400 UK academics Discovery of DNA got the first place, in The top 10 scientific breakthrough discoveries of all Time. The online poll questioned 432 UK academics over the last month. They were asked to rate discoveries made by their peers for a poll to mark Universities Week. According to a survey of 432 UK academics the discovery of DNA is the most important breakthrough with 27 per cent of the vote.The discovery of genetic fingerprinting got second place with 13 per cent vote. The finding was more significant than genetic fingerprinting, the first working computer and the contraceptive pill,Cancer and cell division, CDs, DVDs and the internet, Ds, DVDs and the internet, Eradicating the tsetse fly, Stem cells, Microscopic footballs.
Three breakthroughs discovery of Cancer and cell division, discovery of CD's DVD's and the internet, discovery of The Gaia hypothesis shared fifth place. While Two breakthroughs Discovery of Stem cells and discovery of Microscopic footballs shared ninth place. Full list of The top 10 scientific discoveries
1. DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid)- James Watson and Francis Crick's discovery in 1953 of the double helix structure of DNA, the set of genetic blueprints or a genetic recipe, or a genetic code for all living things.contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information
2. Genetic Finger Printing - Alec Jeffreys' development in 1985 at the University of Leicester of a reliable way to detect differences in individuals' DNA. It also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or DNA profiling is a technique of identifying individual DNA make-up, now the basis of several national DNA databases.
3. Birth of the first working computer - Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn, two University of Manchester scientists, are credited with running the world's first stored programme computer, a Williams tube. It was the first random-access digital storage device, and was used successfully in several early computers. It was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data developed in about 1946 or 1947.
4. Contraceptive pill - developed by Herchel Smith, a researcher at the University of Manchester, in 1961. Contraceptive pills are medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth.
5. Cancer and cell division - in 1987, Paul Nurse and Tim Hunt, scientists for Cancer Research UK, became the first to identify the key genes that govern and regulate cell cycle and division. The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication).
5. CDs, DVDs and the internet - these have all been made possible through a technology called strained quantum-well lasers, which was first proposed by Alf Adams at the University of Surrey.
5. The Gaia hypothesis - James Lovelock's development of a revolutionary way of thinking about the Earth with the idea that it is a self-regulating living organism. The Gaia hypothesis is theory proposing that the biosphere and the physical components of the Earth (atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) are closely integrated to form a complex interacting system that maintains the climatic and biogeochemical conditions on Earth in a preferred homeorhesis.
8. Eradicating the tsetse fly - scientists at the University of Greenwich have been working to eradicate the tsetse fly from Africa through the use of an artificial cow, which attracts the fly and kills it through insecticides.
9. Stem cells - Research by Martin Evans at the University of Cambridge led to the discovery of embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to grow into the different cells that make up the body. Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
9. Microscopic footballs - Harry Kroto at the University of Sussex, and his US collaborators, revealed that carbon can exist as tiny spherical molecules.
Buckminsterfullerene (IUPAC name (C60-Ih)fullerene) is the smallest fullerene molecule in which no two pentagons share an edge (which can be destabilizing, as in pentalene). The structure of C60 is a truncated (T = 3) icosahedron, which resembles a soccer ball of the type made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.
1. DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid)- James Watson and Francis Crick's discovery in 1953 of the double helix structure of DNA, the set of genetic blueprints or a genetic recipe, or a genetic code for all living things.contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information
2. Genetic Finger Printing - Alec Jeffreys' development in 1985 at the University of Leicester of a reliable way to detect differences in individuals' DNA. It also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or DNA profiling is a technique of identifying individual DNA make-up, now the basis of several national DNA databases.
3. Birth of the first working computer - Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn, two University of Manchester scientists, are credited with running the world's first stored programme computer, a Williams tube. It was the first random-access digital storage device, and was used successfully in several early computers. It was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data developed in about 1946 or 1947.
4. Contraceptive pill - developed by Herchel Smith, a researcher at the University of Manchester, in 1961. Contraceptive pills are medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth.
5. Cancer and cell division - in 1987, Paul Nurse and Tim Hunt, scientists for Cancer Research UK, became the first to identify the key genes that govern and regulate cell cycle and division. The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication).
5. CDs, DVDs and the internet - these have all been made possible through a technology called strained quantum-well lasers, which was first proposed by Alf Adams at the University of Surrey.
5. The Gaia hypothesis - James Lovelock's development of a revolutionary way of thinking about the Earth with the idea that it is a self-regulating living organism. The Gaia hypothesis is theory proposing that the biosphere and the physical components of the Earth (atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) are closely integrated to form a complex interacting system that maintains the climatic and biogeochemical conditions on Earth in a preferred homeorhesis.
8. Eradicating the tsetse fly - scientists at the University of Greenwich have been working to eradicate the tsetse fly from Africa through the use of an artificial cow, which attracts the fly and kills it through insecticides.
9. Stem cells - Research by Martin Evans at the University of Cambridge led to the discovery of embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to grow into the different cells that make up the body. Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
9. Microscopic footballs - Harry Kroto at the University of Sussex, and his US collaborators, revealed that carbon can exist as tiny spherical molecules.
Buckminsterfullerene (IUPAC name (C60-Ih)fullerene) is the smallest fullerene molecule in which no two pentagons share an edge (which can be destabilizing, as in pentalene). The structure of C60 is a truncated (T = 3) icosahedron, which resembles a soccer ball of the type made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.
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